@inproceedings{slabohm_unlocking_2024,
	address = {Sopron, Hungary,},
	title = {Unlocking a {Potential} {Deacetylation} of {Acetylated} {Beech} ({Fagus} sylvatica {L}.) {LVL}},
	volume = {11},
	booktitle = {11th {Hardwood} {Conference} {Proceedings}},
	publisher = {University of Sopron Press},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Militz, Holger},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {544--548},
}

@article{karthauser_modification_2024,
	title = {Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin: substitution of phenol by pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {1436-736X},
	shorttitle = {Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z},
	abstract = {The modification by impregnation of veneers for the production of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resins is a well-known method to improve the dimensional stability and fungal resistance. Because phenol is obtained from non-renewable resources, finding substitutes has been a topic of research. Due to similarities in chemical structure and availability, lignin cleavage products present a promising alternative. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin have been used to substitute 30\% of phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins. Scots pine veneers were impregnated with the resin, and five-layered plywoods were produced. The influence of the substitution on the bonding quality, the dimensional stability, and the leaching of resin from the specimens were studied. Mechanical properties such as the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity, as well as the dynamic impact bending strength of the plywood were analyzed. Both treatments led to plywood with good dimensional stability, and the resin was stable against leaching. The substitution of phenol with lignin cleavage products led to slightly reduced brittleness of the specimens compared to pure phenol–formaldehyde resin. This study presents a method to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, increase the use of currently underutilized lignin sources, and produce plywood with promising properties for exterior applications.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-03-25},
	journal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Raskop, Salomé and Slabohm, Maik and Militz, Holger},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {309--319},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\AT6NCLJ2\\Karthäuser et al. - 2024 - Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde r.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The modification by impregnation of veneers for the production of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resins is a well-known method to improve the dimensional stability and fungal resistance. Because phenol is obtained from non-renewable resources, finding substitutes has been a topic of research. Due to similarities in chemical structure and availability, lignin cleavage products present a promising alternative. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin have been used to substitute 30% of phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins. Scots pine veneers were impregnated with the resin, and five-layered plywoods were produced. The influence of the substitution on the bonding quality, the dimensional stability, and the leaching of resin from the specimens were studied. Mechanical properties such as the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity, as well as the dynamic impact bending strength of the plywood were analyzed. Both treatments led to plywood with good dimensional stability, and the resin was stable against leaching. The substitution of phenol with lignin cleavage products led to slightly reduced brittleness of the specimens compared to pure phenol–formaldehyde resin. This study presents a method to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, increase the use of currently underutilized lignin sources, and produce plywood with promising properties for exterior applications.

@inproceedings{slabohm_resistance_2023,
	address = {Cairns, Australia},
	title = {Resistance of phenol formaldehyde impregnated beech ({Fagus} sylvativa {L}.) {LVL} against biodegradation in soil contact},
	doi = {IRG/WP 23-40965},
	abstract = {Alternatives to preservative impregnation are emphasized in Germany and other European countries. Even though these treatments significantly improve wood's resistance to decay, they often do not have a beneficial impact on the dimensional stability. One alternative product, which may be used in ground contact for items like poles and railway sleepers, could be beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) impregnated with low-molecular phenolformaldehyde (PF). PF resins are often used for bonding and impregnation purposes. In this research, low-molecular weight PF was used, which allows a penetration and fixation within the cell wall. Various PF-resins were used to impregnate beech veneers and LVL was manufactured with a variety of process parameters. In ground durability tests started in 2015 and were evaluated based on EN 252 (2015) on the test field at the University of Goettingen; Germany as well as in Stamsmåla, Sweden. The durability classes (DC) were determined based on the decay rates. The evaluation showed that very durable products for in ground contact can be produced from beech wood, but durability clearly depended on the resin type and loading.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Proceedings {IRG} {Annual} {Meeting}},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Brischke, Christian and Bicke, Sascha and Militz, Holger},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {11},
	file = {Slabohm et al. - Resistance of phenol formaldehyde impregnated beec.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\KPN2BPKG\\Slabohm et al. - Resistance of phenol formaldehyde impregnated beec.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Alternatives to preservative impregnation are emphasized in Germany and other European countries. Even though these treatments significantly improve wood's resistance to decay, they often do not have a beneficial impact on the dimensional stability. One alternative product, which may be used in ground contact for items like poles and railway sleepers, could be beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) impregnated with low-molecular phenolformaldehyde (PF). PF resins are often used for bonding and impregnation purposes. In this research, low-molecular weight PF was used, which allows a penetration and fixation within the cell wall. Various PF-resins were used to impregnate beech veneers and LVL was manufactured with a variety of process parameters. In ground durability tests started in 2015 and were evaluated based on EN 252 (2015) on the test field at the University of Goettingen; Germany as well as in Stamsmåla, Sweden. The durability classes (DC) were determined based on the decay rates. The evaluation showed that very durable products for in ground contact can be produced from beech wood, but durability clearly depended on the resin type and loading.

@article{slabohm_durability_2023,
	title = {The durability of acetylated beech ({Fagus} sylvatica {L}.) laminated veneer lumber ({LVL}) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-01962-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s00107-023-01962-3},
	abstract = {The overall aim of this study was to investigate the durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes. The secondary objective was to test whether the specimen size affects the mass loss and durability assessment of wood-material under test. The durability test was based on the pre-standard prEN 113-3. Six materials (acetylated beech LVL, untreated beech LVL, beech solid wood, pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.), larch (Larix decidua Mill.) 3-layer slab, larch solid wood) were tested using three specimen geometry designs (50 × 25 × 15 ­mm3 as well as 50 × 50 × 19 ­mm3 with and without sealed edges) against Coniophora puteana, Rhodonia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Trametes versicolor, and Pleurotus ostreatus. The durability assessment was made using the arithmetic mean and median percentage mass loss (ML), the relative ML (x-values), and the decay susceptibility index (DSI). It was found that mass loss was affected by the test fungus, the material, and the specimen size and design, with the latter being the most essential factor in this study. In addition, the assessment parameter had a significant effect on the durability classification. Furthermore, small differences in ML resulted in different durability classes (DC) in some cases, whereas large differences in ML did not. However, acetylated beech LVL was always considerably durable (DC 1) against all tested fungi independent of the specimen design and durability assessment method.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-07-03},
	journal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Brischke, Christian and Militz, Holger},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {911--921},
	file = {Slabohm et al. - 2023 - The durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatic.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\ITAUIST3\\Slabohm et al. - 2023 - The durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatic.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The overall aim of this study was to investigate the durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes. The secondary objective was to test whether the specimen size affects the mass loss and durability assessment of wood-material under test. The durability test was based on the pre-standard prEN 113-3. Six materials (acetylated beech LVL, untreated beech LVL, beech solid wood, pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.), larch (Larix decidua Mill.) 3-layer slab, larch solid wood) were tested using three specimen geometry designs (50 × 25 × 15 ­mm3 as well as 50 × 50 × 19 ­mm3 with and without sealed edges) against Coniophora puteana, Rhodonia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Trametes versicolor, and Pleurotus ostreatus. The durability assessment was made using the arithmetic mean and median percentage mass loss (ML), the relative ML (x-values), and the decay susceptibility index (DSI). It was found that mass loss was affected by the test fungus, the material, and the specimen size and design, with the latter being the most essential factor in this study. In addition, the assessment parameter had a significant effect on the durability classification. Furthermore, small differences in ML resulted in different durability classes (DC) in some cases, whereas large differences in ML did not. However, acetylated beech LVL was always considerably durable (DC 1) against all tested fungi independent of the specimen design and durability assessment method.

@article{slabohm_evaluation_2023,
	title = {Evaluation of wet tensile shear strength and surface properties of finger-jointed acetylated beech ({Fagus} sylvatica {L}.) laminated veneer lumber},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-01970-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s00107-023-01970-3},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Experiments on finger-jointing acetylated beech (
              Fagus sylvatica
              L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) have been made. The specimens were examined on its wet tensile shear strength (TSS) using three adhesives, including phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF), one-component polyurethane (PUR) (without primer), and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF). Contact angles (CA) of uncured and drop-applied MUF, PRF, and PUR adhesives on freshly cut finger-joints were evaluated. Surface roughness was measured using a laser-scanning-microscope (LSM). Results showed that PRF bonded acetylated specimens had highest wet TSS, followed by specimens with PUR bonding. MUF performed poorly, which was most likely caused by its inadequate water resistance and changes in chemical reactions due to remaining acetic acid. Acetylated finger-joints had a topography similar to untreated joints. Moreover, CA were just barely lower for MUF and PRF on acetylated wood than on untreated references.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2023-06-26},
	journal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Stolze, Hannes and Militz, Holger},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {9},
	file = {Slabohm et al. - 2023 - Evaluation of wet tensile shear strength and surfa.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\4F7KYEAH\\Slabohm et al. - 2023 - Evaluation of wet tensile shear strength and surfa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Abstract Experiments on finger-jointing acetylated beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) have been made. The specimens were examined on its wet tensile shear strength (TSS) using three adhesives, including phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF), one-component polyurethane (PUR) (without primer), and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF). Contact angles (CA) of uncured and drop-applied MUF, PRF, and PUR adhesives on freshly cut finger-joints were evaluated. Surface roughness was measured using a laser-scanning-microscope (LSM). Results showed that PRF bonded acetylated specimens had highest wet TSS, followed by specimens with PUR bonding. MUF performed poorly, which was most likely caused by its inadequate water resistance and changes in chemical reactions due to remaining acetic acid. Acetylated finger-joints had a topography similar to untreated joints. Moreover, CA were just barely lower for MUF and PRF on acetylated wood than on untreated references.

@article{slabohm_durability_2023-1,
	title = {The durability of acetylated beech ({Fagus} sylvatica {L}.) laminated veneer lumber ({LVL}) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes},
	volume = {0},
	abstract = {The overall aim of this study was to investigate the durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes. The secondary objective was to test whether the specimen size affects the mass loss and durability assessment of wood-material under test. The durability test was based on the pre-standard prEN 113-3. Six materials (acetylated beech LVL, untreated beech LVL, beech solid wood, pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.), larch (Larix decidua Mill.) 3-layer slab, larch solid wood) were tested using three specimen geometry designs (50 × 25 × 15 ­mm3 as well as 50 × 50 × 19 ­mm3 with and without sealed edges) against Coniophora puteana, Rhodonia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Trametes versicolor, and Pleurotus ostreatus. The durability assessment was made using the arithmetic mean and median percentage mass loss (ML), the relative ML (x-values), and the decay susceptibility index (DSI). It was found that mass loss was affected by the test fungus, the material, and the specimen size and design, with the latter being the most essential factor in this study. In addition, the assessment parameter had a significant effect on the durability classification. Furthermore, small differences in ML resulted in different durability classes (DC) in some cases, whereas large differences in ML did not. However, acetylated beech LVL was always considerably durable (DC 1) against all tested fungi independent of the specimen design and durability assessment method.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	journal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Brischke, Christian and Militz, Holger},
	year = {2023},
	file = {Slabohm - The durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatic.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\JNVNY5PD\\Slabohm - The durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatic.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The overall aim of this study was to investigate the durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes. The secondary objective was to test whether the specimen size affects the mass loss and durability assessment of wood-material under test. The durability test was based on the pre-standard prEN 113-3. Six materials (acetylated beech LVL, untreated beech LVL, beech solid wood, pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.), larch (Larix decidua Mill.) 3-layer slab, larch solid wood) were tested using three specimen geometry designs (50 × 25 × 15 ­mm3 as well as 50 × 50 × 19 ­mm3 with and without sealed edges) against Coniophora puteana, Rhodonia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Trametes versicolor, and Pleurotus ostreatus. The durability assessment was made using the arithmetic mean and median percentage mass loss (ML), the relative ML (x-values), and the decay susceptibility index (DSI). It was found that mass loss was affected by the test fungus, the material, and the specimen size and design, with the latter being the most essential factor in this study. In addition, the assessment parameter had a significant effect on the durability classification. Furthermore, small differences in ML resulted in different durability classes (DC) in some cases, whereas large differences in ML did not. However, acetylated beech LVL was always considerably durable (DC 1) against all tested fungi independent of the specimen design and durability assessment method.

@article{slabohm_bonding_2023,
	title = {Bonding performance of hot-bonded acetylated beech ( \textit{{Fagus} sylvatica} {L}.) laminated veneer lumber ({LVL})},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1748-0272, 1748-0280},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480272.2022.2124544},
	doi = {10.1080/17480272.2022.2124544},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-23},
	journal = {Wood Material Science \& Engineering},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Militz, Holger},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {76--81},
	file = {Slabohm und Militz - 2022 - Bonding performance of hot-bonded acetylated beech.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\5D23LV8N\\Slabohm und Militz - 2022 - Bonding performance of hot-bonded acetylated beech.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{slabohm_investigation_2023,
	address = {Ås, Norway},
	title = {Investigation of chemical composition and wood-moisture interaction of acetylated beech ({Fagus} sylvatica {L}.) veneer after heat treatment},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {Meeting} of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE})},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {10--12},
}

@inproceedings{slabohm_investigation_2022,
	address = {Sopron, Hungary},
	title = {Investigation of {Poplar}-{Plywood} impregnated with a mixture of sorbitol and citric acid ({SorCA})},
	isbn = {978-963-334-446-0},
	language = {EN},
	booktitle = {Hardwood {Conference} {Proceedings}},
	publisher = {University of Sopron Press},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Rabke, Joshua and Debuisson, Robin and Militz, Holger},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {228--235},
}

@inproceedings{slabohm_acetylated_2022,
	address = {Sopron, Hungary},
	title = {Acetylated {Beech} {LVL}: {Anti}-swelling-efficiency, leaching, and set recovery},
	isbn = {978-963-334-446-0},
	language = {EN},
	booktitle = {Hardwood {Conference} {Proceedings}},
	publisher = {University of Sopron Press},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Militz, Holger},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {222--227},
}

@article{slabohm_bonding_2022,
	title = {Bonding performance of hot-bonded acetylated beech ({Fagus} sylvatica {L}.) laminated veneer lumber ({LVL})},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {1748-0272},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2022.2124544},
	doi = {10.1080/17480272.2022.2124544},
	abstract = {This study demonstrates acetylation with acetic anhydride, one of the few industrial wood modification techniques on the market, to increase the dimensional stability and durability of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.). After being acetylated, veneers were hot-bonded to LVL using phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) or phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin (PRF). The bonding performance (bonding shear strength (BSS) and wood failure (WF)) was tested under the following three conditions: 20°C and 65\% RH, water immersion, and rigorous boiling-drying-boiling. Additionally, using the same specimen sizes on a second sample set, the moisture content (MC) and dimensional stability were determined. Results indicate that the PRF resin provided the strongest bonding performance on acetylated LVL and references. Additionally, acetylated LVL outperformed unmodified references in moist settings, particularly the BSS after boiling in water.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2022-09-22},
	journal = {Wood Material Science \& Engineering},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Militz, Holger},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2022.2124544},
	keywords = {plywood, acetic anhydride, Acetylation, beech wood, bonding, chemical modification, laminated veneer lumber (LVL)},
	pages = {1--6},
}

This study demonstrates acetylation with acetic anhydride, one of the few industrial wood modification techniques on the market, to increase the dimensional stability and durability of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.). After being acetylated, veneers were hot-bonded to LVL using phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) or phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin (PRF). The bonding performance (bonding shear strength (BSS) and wood failure (WF)) was tested under the following three conditions: 20°C and 65% RH, water immersion, and rigorous boiling-drying-boiling. Additionally, using the same specimen sizes on a second sample set, the moisture content (MC) and dimensional stability were determined. Results indicate that the PRF resin provided the strongest bonding performance on acetylated LVL and references. Additionally, acetylated LVL outperformed unmodified references in moist settings, particularly the BSS after boiling in water.

@article{slabohm_compression_2022,
	title = {Compression of {Acetylated} {Beech} ({Fagus} sylvatica {L}.) {Laminated} {Veneer} {Lumber} ({LVL})},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1999-4907},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/7/1122},
	doi = {10.3390/f13071122},
	abstract = {Acetylation with acetic anhydride is well known to improve the dimensional stability and durability of wood. Veneer is appealing for acetylation because of its thin thickness, which supports a complete and even impregnation of difficult-to-treat wood species, such as beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Unlike resin-based veneer impregnation, acetylated veneer does not require any additional curing. As a result, veneer properties are already altered prior to bonding. The compression thickness reduction in acetylated beech veneer during the manufacturing of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) utilizing 1, 3, and 6 MPa at 150 °C for 30 min is investigated in this study. The results show that acetylated beech veneer is considerably less compressible than the references. Moreover, the density of acetylated LVL at low pressure (1 MPa) is similar to the one of references, even though the compressibility is much lower. This is due to the added acetyl groups after acetylation. The reduction in compressibility is most likely caused due to a decrease in moisture content (MC) and its accompanied mechanisms.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2022-07-28},
	journal = {Forests},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Mayer, Aaron Kilian and Militz, Holger},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Number: 7
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {wood modification, acetylation, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), compression, densification},
	pages = {1122},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\5YY3625Y\\Slabohm et al. - 2022 - Compression of Acetylated Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Acetylation with acetic anhydride is well known to improve the dimensional stability and durability of wood. Veneer is appealing for acetylation because of its thin thickness, which supports a complete and even impregnation of difficult-to-treat wood species, such as beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Unlike resin-based veneer impregnation, acetylated veneer does not require any additional curing. As a result, veneer properties are already altered prior to bonding. The compression thickness reduction in acetylated beech veneer during the manufacturing of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) utilizing 1, 3, and 6 MPa at 150 °C for 30 min is investigated in this study. The results show that acetylated beech veneer is considerably less compressible than the references. Moreover, the density of acetylated LVL at low pressure (1 MPa) is similar to the one of references, even though the compressibility is much lower. This is due to the added acetyl groups after acetylation. The reduction in compressibility is most likely caused due to a decrease in moisture content (MC) and its accompanied mechanisms.

@article{slabohm_bonding_2022-1,
	title = {Bonding {Acetylated} {Veneer} for {Engineered} {Wood} {Products}—{A} {Review}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1996-1944},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/10/3665},
	doi = {10.3390/ma15103665},
	abstract = {The purpose of this review is to put previous research findings on acetylated wood and the fabrication of veneer-based products in a common context. The first research on wood acetylation was already conducted in the 1920s using wood meal, whereas relevant research on veneer acetylation was published nearly two decades later, during the 1940s. In the years that followed, a great deal of research has been done on both solid wood and composite acetylation. Developments in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted in the creation of commercial products. Nowadays, wood is becoming increasingly popular in construction. Therefore, high-performance materials with high dimensional stability and durability are required. Veneers are thereby of particular relevance because of their propensity to absorb chemicals into even tough-to-treat wood species. However, acetylation alters the bonding properties of wood, which is important for the manufacture of engineered veneer products, especially in load-bearing construction. A large amount of research is now being conducted on the acetylation of veneer, and acetylated veneer products are anticipated in the near future. This study covers the fundamentals of bonding but focuses specifically on veneer acetylation and its fabrication to engineered veneer-based products. The influencing factors of acetylation on bonding are also discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2022-05-23},
	journal = {Materials},
	author = {Slabohm, Maik and Mai, Carsten and Militz, Holger},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Number: 10
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {wood modification, plywood, acetylation, laminated veneer lumber, rotary cut veneer},
	pages = {3665},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\4K34E9CB\\Slabohm et al. - 2022 - Bonding Acetylated Veneer for Engineered Wood Prod.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The purpose of this review is to put previous research findings on acetylated wood and the fabrication of veneer-based products in a common context. The first research on wood acetylation was already conducted in the 1920s using wood meal, whereas relevant research on veneer acetylation was published nearly two decades later, during the 1940s. In the years that followed, a great deal of research has been done on both solid wood and composite acetylation. Developments in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted in the creation of commercial products. Nowadays, wood is becoming increasingly popular in construction. Therefore, high-performance materials with high dimensional stability and durability are required. Veneers are thereby of particular relevance because of their propensity to absorb chemicals into even tough-to-treat wood species. However, acetylation alters the bonding properties of wood, which is important for the manufacture of engineered veneer products, especially in load-bearing construction. A large amount of research is now being conducted on the acetylation of veneer, and acetylated veneer products are anticipated in the near future. This study covers the fundamentals of bonding but focuses specifically on veneer acetylation and its fabrication to engineered veneer-based products. The influencing factors of acetylation on bonding are also discussed.

@inproceedings{slabohm_improving_2022,
	address = {Nancy, France},
	title = {Improving {Durability} and {Dimensional} {Stability} of {Beech} ({Fagus} sylvatica {L}.) {LVL} by {Acetylation} {With} {Acetic} {Anhydride}},
	language = {EN},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of 10th {European} {Conference} on {Wood} {Modification}},
	author = {Slabohm, M. and Militz, H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {217--225},
}

@article{hundhausen_staining_2020,
	title = {The {Staining} {Effect} of {Iron} ({II}) {Sulfate} on {Nine} {Different} {Wooden} {Substrates}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1999-4907},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/6/658},
	doi = {10.3390/f11060658},
	abstract = {Leaving wooden façades uncoated has become popular in modern architecture, especially for large buildings like multi-story houses, in order to circumvent frequent maintenance, particularly repainting. To obtain a quick and even artificial graying of the entire façade that gradually turns into natural graying, a one-off treatment with iron (II) sulfate may be applied. Its mode of action is commonly ascribed to a reaction with phenolic wood extractives, especially hydrolyzable tannins. This does not however sufficiently explain iron (II) sulfate’s ability to color wood species containing only marginal amounts of phenolic extractives; moreover, little is known about the influence of the wooden substrate and light conditions on the color development of façades treated with iron (II) sulfate. In the present study, we investigated the influence of wood extractives, exposure conditions, and nine different wooden substrates on iron (II) sulfate’s staining effect. Spruce specimens with and without extractives were treated with a 4\% iron (II) sulfate solution and exposed to sunlight behind window glass. Both wood types darkened slowly but significantly during 51 weeks of exposure. This shows that artificial graying with iron (II) sulfate (1) does not require precipitation unlike natural graying, (2) takes place without initial wood extractives, and (3) proceeds at a slow rate. Specimens protected from sunlight changed their color only slightly, suggesting that photo-induced phenoxyl and ketyl radicals from photolysis of lignin’s ether bonds oxidize iron (II) to iron (III). Specimens made of spruce, pine, larch, and western red cedar (WRC) and exposed outdoors decreased strongly in lightness during the first two months of exposure. In contrast, a staining effect of iron (II) sulfate in terms of artificial graying was not seen on acetylated radiata pine, possibly because iron ions are hindered from entering the cell wall. Specimens partly protected by a roof overhang showed an uneven color development; this is due to the protection from radiation and not from precipitation as is known for natural graying.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-09-15},
	journal = {Forests},
	author = {Hundhausen, Ulrich and Mai, Carsten and Slabohm, Maik and Gschweidl, Florian and Schwarzenbrunner, Ronald},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {658},
	file = {Volltext:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\5P2WCX5S\\Hundhausen et al. - 2020 - The Staining Effect of Iron (II) Sulfate on Nine D.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Leaving wooden façades uncoated has become popular in modern architecture, especially for large buildings like multi-story houses, in order to circumvent frequent maintenance, particularly repainting. To obtain a quick and even artificial graying of the entire façade that gradually turns into natural graying, a one-off treatment with iron (II) sulfate may be applied. Its mode of action is commonly ascribed to a reaction with phenolic wood extractives, especially hydrolyzable tannins. This does not however sufficiently explain iron (II) sulfate’s ability to color wood species containing only marginal amounts of phenolic extractives; moreover, little is known about the influence of the wooden substrate and light conditions on the color development of façades treated with iron (II) sulfate. In the present study, we investigated the influence of wood extractives, exposure conditions, and nine different wooden substrates on iron (II) sulfate’s staining effect. Spruce specimens with and without extractives were treated with a 4% iron (II) sulfate solution and exposed to sunlight behind window glass. Both wood types darkened slowly but significantly during 51 weeks of exposure. This shows that artificial graying with iron (II) sulfate (1) does not require precipitation unlike natural graying, (2) takes place without initial wood extractives, and (3) proceeds at a slow rate. Specimens protected from sunlight changed their color only slightly, suggesting that photo-induced phenoxyl and ketyl radicals from photolysis of lignin’s ether bonds oxidize iron (II) to iron (III). Specimens made of spruce, pine, larch, and western red cedar (WRC) and exposed outdoors decreased strongly in lightness during the first two months of exposure. In contrast, a staining effect of iron (II) sulfate in terms of artificial graying was not seen on acetylated radiata pine, possibly because iron ions are hindered from entering the cell wall. Specimens partly protected by a roof overhang showed an uneven color development; this is due to the protection from radiation and not from precipitation as is known for natural graying.